The Shekinah as Light.
The Hellenists, both Jews and Gentiles, characterized the god of the Jews as unseen, and translated the Tetragrammaton by "invisible" (#7936;#972;#961;#945;#964;#959;#962;). In like manner #7716;ag. 5b declares that "God sees, but is not seen," although was rendered by #948;#972;#950;#945; ("glory"), even in the Septuagint (Deissmann, "Hellenisirung des Semitischen Monotheismus," p. 5).
According to this view, the Shekinah appeared as physical light; so that Targ. to Num. vi. 2 says, "Yhwh shall cause His Shekinah to shine for thee."
A Gentile asked the patriarch Gamaliel (c. 100): "Thou sayest that wherever ten are gathered together the Shekinah appears; how many are there?" Gamaliel answered: "As the sun, which is but one of the countless servants of God, giveth light to all the world, so in a much greater degree doth the Shekinah" (Sanh. 39a).
The emperor (Hadrian) said to Rabbi Joshua b. Hananiah, "I desire greatly to see thy God." Joshua requested him to stand facing the brilliant summer sun, and said, "Gaze upon it." The emperor said, "I can not." "Then," said Joshua, "if thou art not able to look upon a servant of God, how much less mayest thou gaze upon the Shekinah?"(#7716;ul. 60a).
Rab Sheshet (c. 300) was blind, and could not perceive when the Shekinah appeared in the Shaf we-Yatib synagogue of Nehardea, where it rested when it was not in the synagogue at Huzal. In the former synagogue Samuel and Levi heard the sound of its approach and fled (Meg. 29a). The Shekinah tinkled like a bell (So#7789;ah 9b), while the Holy Spirit also manifested itself to human senses in light and sound.
The Holy Spirit had the form of a dove, and the Shekinah had wings. Thus he who acknowledged God took refuge under the wings of the Shekinah (Shab. 31a; Sanh. 96a); and Moses when dead lay in its pinions (Sifre, Deut. 355; So#7789;ah 13b; Targumic passages in Maybaum l.c. p. 65). The saints enjoy the light of the Shekinah in heaven (Ber. 17a, 64a; Shab. 30a; B. B. 10a).
Bibliography: Lexicons of Buxtorf, Levy, and Kohut;
Herzog-Plitt, Real-Encyc. s.v. Schechina;
Hastings, Dict. Bible, iv. 487-489;
Hamburger, R. B. T. ii. 566, 1080-1082;
Luzzatto, Oheb Ger, Vienna, 1830;
Bähr, Symbolik des Mosaischen Cultus, 2d ed., i. 471 et seq.;
Gfrörer, Gesch. des Urchristenthums, i. 272-352;
Maybaum, Anthropomorphien . . . mit Besonderer Berücksichtigung der . . . Schechintha, Breslau, 1870;
Taylor, Sayings of the Jewish Fathers, 3d ed., p. 43;
Weber, Jüdische Theologie. 2d ed., Leipsic, 1897, Index;
Dalman, Die Worte Jesu, i., Leipsic, 1898;
Bousset, Religion des Judenthums im Neu-Testamentlichen Zeitalter, pp. 309 et seq., 340, Berlin, 1903;
Davidson, Old Testament Prophecy, pp. 148, 220, Edinburgh, 1903.K. L. B.
Light to All ~
Doc